Socio-Spatial Context of Urban Art in the Realm of Delhi

SOCIO SPATIAL CONTEXT OF URBAN ART IN THE REALM OF DELHI Introduction Before I dive into the debut to the thesis, I want to denote my capable affair through my response to 6 critical inquiries written below.What do I desire to analyze?I want to analyze the modern twenty-four hours phenomenon that is street art from a socio-spatial position in the urban kingdom of Delhi. I will see street art to include ( in order of importance to my thesis ) :GraffitiPublic art installingsTraditional sculptures and statues situated in the public zone2. Why is it of import to cognize about this subject? Street art has had a enormous impact on the lives of people, consciously or sub-consciously. It has acted as the voice of the laden and oppressors both. It will go on to play an of import function in distributing propaganda. It will besides go on to germinate into more signifiers of an artistic look. Hence we need to spread out our understanding upon this subject to foretell what the hereafter of street art is traveling to be. 3. How is this work situated in relation to my anterior work? I have experience in street art as I have done graffito for art festivals. I had besides planned collaborative street event with some friends to showcase HIP HOP in the streets of Hauz Khas small town. Four elements of HIP HOP include: DJ, Graffiti, MC and interrupt dance. Although It dint work out because of committedness issues, a senior ( SPA pass-out ) of mine, who was to be the DJ in my undertaking, managed to put to death my enterprise. I believe my old experience with graffito makes me a good campaigner to consider upon this subject. Besides, I have an unconditioned involvement in mass psychological science ( behavioural in peculiar ) . 4. What methods will I utilize to carry on this research? The secondary manner of survey is of head importance since the research focuses on the behavioural psychological impact public art has on the. The situational context of the secondary study is worldwide, assisting to understand the impact of urban art at a holistic degree. I will place socio-spatial parametric quantities from the secondary instance surveies. 3 books have been selected which talk about public art as a construct, graffito and installing art severally. 1.Finkelpearl, T, & A ; Acconci, V, 2001. Dialogues in Public Art. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Massachusetts: First MIT 2.Ganz, N. , & A ; Manco, T, 2004. Graffiti universe: street art from five continents. New York, H.N. Abrams. 3.Bishop, C, 2005. Installation Art. 1st erectile dysfunction. ( unknown ) Routledge. Based on the parametric quantities derived from the secondary survey, viz. socio –spatial elements of street art, 3 primary researches will be conducted. A three pronged Interview of urban creative persons, the interior decorators of the infinite and the people who experience their art will be conducted for each primary instance survey. The status where the interior decorators have prompted art in their creative activity will besides be analyzed. 5. What will it bring forth? This chance will hopefully bring forth an penetration into the manner the built, in this instance, the graffito and the installing art have an impact on the societal domain of life. 6. Research inquiry What are the socio-spatial characters of street art in the urban kingdom of Delhi? The creative person is a receptacle for emotions that come from all over the topographic point: from the sky, from the Earth, from a bit of paper, from a passing form, from a spider ‘s web. -Pablo Picasso Graffiti has existed in one signifier or the other since the morning of clip. From cave pictures to Nazi propagandas, it has been a steady perceiver and teacher to the human civilisation. The modern twenty-four hours graffito has its roots in the 80’s. It has morphed itself from being a tool of look for the laden and oppressors likewise into a booming art signifier portion of the hip hop civilization of today. In recent old ages graffiti has grown bolder, more ornate, more sophisticated and, in many instances, more acceptable. Yet unsanctioned public art remains the job kid of cultural look, the last criminal of ocular subjects. Even though it is still non wholly welcomed and respected yet, it has gained popularity and credence in the younger coevals of today. Graffiti as a signifier of art has branched itself into other signifiers of modern-day art such as installing art, urban art, guerilla art, post-graffiti, neo graffito. It is engrained in the civilization of today. The graffito of the 80s is morphing and germinating into a broad array of bizarre and intriguing constructs such asMobius, created by art and design house Eness for the metropolis of Melbourne, Australia. It is a kinetic sculpture whose motion is undetectable by the bare oculus — the lone manner to see it travel is via time-lapse picture. The outgrowth of installing art as portion of graffito and as a separate entity in itself is rather an interesting development. Graffiti today has embraced the manner of installing art, art which has a 3rddimension to it. As opposed to the 2 dimensional old school graffito, this new geographic expedition in the 3rddimension is taking the art signifier to unobserved and antecedently impossible highs. The urban creative person is the receptacle whose art is in response to emotions given out by the societal order of the metropolis. Traveling a full circle, the societal order of our lives besides acts as the receptacle which absorbs all the emotion urban art emanates. For my literature referrals, I have decided to sort my reads into 3 classs:Generic public artGraffitiPublic installing artKnight ( 2011 ) defines as art in any media that has been planned and executed with the purpose of being staged in the physical populace sphere, normally outside and accessible to all. He besides suggests public art may include any art which is exhibited in a public infinite including publically accessible edifices, but frequently it is non that simple. Rather, the relationship between the content and audience, what the art is stating and to whom, is merely every bit of import if non more of import than its physical location. Finkelpearl ( 2009 ) conducts interviews of a broad scope of creative persons, administrative officials, and others whose lives have been affected by these undertakings in the North American context. He tells the narrative of a selected group of public art undertakings through these interviews. I think this book raises a set of critical set of issues from an remarkably wide set of positions. From an creative person who mounted three bronze sculptures in the South Bronx to the administrative official who led the battle to hold them removed ; from an creative person who describes his work as a â€Å" malignant neoplastic disease † on architecture to a brace of designers who might hold with him ; from an creative person who formed a alliance to change over 22 derelict row houses into an art center/community revival undertaking to a immature adult female who got her life back on path while life in one of the born-again houses. The category contradictions inherent in the term â€Å"public art† have been addressed by Finkelpearl ( 2009 ) by conveying different kinds of people into contact in originative ways. He besides provides a concise overview of altering attitudes toward the metropolis as the site of public art. In the book Dialogues in public art by Finkelpearl, the 20 interviews are divided into four parts:Controversies in Public Art: This portion focuses undertakings that are met with important contention. Richard Serra’s tilted discharge, John Ahearn’s three bronzes in the South Bronx, Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and Welcome to America’s finest Tourist Plantation by David Avalos, Louis Hock and Elizabeth Sisco. The interviews discourse how some of the contentions were welcomed as portion of the undertaking and how the alterations and/or remotion of the controversial plants of art have shed new visible radiation on the nature of the undertaking and its relationship with its audience.Experiments in Public Art as Architecture and Urban Planning:The series of interviews in this part discuss one of the waies that public art took in the aftermath of the contentions that move off from traditional definitions of art towards landscape design, architecture and planning. This subdivision begins with an interview with designers Denise Scott Brown and Robert Venturi, in which they discuss their edginess in the infliction of art in the public design procedure. Sculptor Vito Acconci negotiations about how he has managed to infiltrate architectural design in his artistic pattern. Michael Singer and Linnea Glatt discourse their design of the solid waste direction installation in Phoenix, Arizona, while Ron Jensen, the former Director of Public Works for Phoenix, discusses the procedure that led him to engage two creative persons with small architectural background to be the lead interior decorators on a multimillion dollar installation. The solid waste direction installation is one of the few cases where the design and planning determinations in a public edifice were made by creative persons. Finally, Rick Lowe and Assata Shakur tell the narrative of Project Row houses, an art undertaking that transformed 22 creaky shotgun-style houses into a m odern-day art exhibition infinite, lodging for individual female parents and a community centre. Rick Lowe is an creative person whose work moved from the kingdom of architectural sculpture to urban design, while Assata Shakur is a former occupant in undertaking Ro houes’ immature female parents residential plan and a alumnus pupil in sociology at Penn State University.Dialogues on Dialogue-Based Public Art Projects:This series of interviews focal points on public art that makes duologue and indispensable component of the work itself. This is a really interesting facet to public art undertakings. The more duologue the work of art creates with its viewing audiences, the more singular and successful it is.Public Art for Public Health:This subdivision focuses on the Revival Fields and the AIDS thread. Artist Mel Chin and Dr. Rufus Chaney of the United States Department of Agriculture individually discuss Revival Field, an art and scientific discipline coaction that seeks to clea nse toxic waste sites utilizing â€Å"green remediation† . The book concludes with two interviews about the AIDS thread: Artist Frank Moore discusses how he helped originate the thread, and Jackie Mclean describes how she worked on the production of the thread at a women’s shelter while a member of the creative persons and stateless collaborative.The 2nd and the 3rd series of interviews are the 1s I would wish to pick up as secondary instance surveies. Knight C.K ( 2011 )takes a expression at public art and its populist entreaty, offering a more inclusive usher to America ‘s originative gustatory sensations and shared civilization. He examines the history of American public art – from FDR ‘s New Deal to Christo ‘sThe Gates– and challenges preconceived impressions of public art, spread outing its definition to include a broader range of plants and constructs such as Boston ‘s Big Dig, Las Vegas ‘ . Treasure Island and Disney World. In his booktitled Public Art: Theory, Practice and Populism, he offers an option to the traditional position and unfavorable judgment environing public art. Chapterization of the book is as follows:Introduction: A short History of the United States â€Å"Official† Public ArtRoosevelt’s New DealGeneral Services Administrarion’s Art-in-public-places planNational gift for arts’ Art-in-public-places-programConventional Wisdom: Populist purposes within established ParadigmsArt as monument Art as commemorationArt as agreeablenessArt in the Park, Art as the ParkArt as the AgoraArt as PilgrimageCulture to travel: From art universe to the universeWhat museums do for usMy museumEducation, Outreach, ProgramingThe alternate museumNot rather â€Å"art† , non rather â€Å"public† :The art of amusementThis is particular, I am particularOpen pocketbook, unfastened docket?Embracing spectacleSuper spectator: Increasing singlePower to the peopleClaiming infinite and topographic pointDig inDecision: Art for all?The problem with ( Re ) DevelopmentNonprofit organizations and the passing idyllBack to schoolGrieving los s, retrieving lifeTwo narratives in one metropolisKnight C.K ( 2011, Chapter 2 ) offers penetrations on the populist purposes of art within the established paradigms by speaking about art and its parametric quantities of design. I hope to absorb what the chapter has to offer. Through it I hope to understand what public art is at a deeper degree of understanding. I hope to understand what the aesthetic sense of the art should be, whom should it be directed to? Is it meant for the populace? If yes, so does it intend the graphics should exceed the artist’s private or aesthetic concerns? These are the subjects the book has talked about. Knight C.K ( 2011, Chapter 5 ) negotiations about whether the viewers’increaedagency to find the degrees of battle in art and virtues of their ain art expriences should be knowing or non. Miles M. ( 2005 ) treats public art as a societal procedure and in the urban context. He talks about public art outside the normal confines of art unfavorable judgment and topographic points it within broader contexts of public infinite and gender. He farther goes on to research the devising, direction and mediation of art outside its conventional location in museums and galleries, and the liveable metropolis – a construct affecting user-centred schemes for urban planning and design. Using different positions, he explores both the aesthetic and political facets of the medium. Miles M. ( 2005 ) applies a scope of critical positions which have emerged from different subjects – art unfavorable judgment, urban design, urban sociology, geographics and critical theory – to analyze the pattern of art for urban public infinites, seeing public art from places outside those of the art universe to inquire how it might lend to possible urban hereafters. Researching the diverseness of urban political relations, the maps of public infinite and its relation to the constructions of power, the functions of professionals and users in the building of the metropolis, the gendering of infinite and the ways in which infinite and citizen are represented, Miles M. ( 2005 ) explains how these issues are as relevant to architecture, urban design and urban planning as they are to public art. Pulling on a wealth of images from across the UK and Europe and the USA, in peculiar, he inquiries the effectivity of public art in accomplishing more pleasant urban environments, whilst retaining the thought that conceive ofing possible hereafters is every bit much portion of a democratic society as utilizing public infinite. Art, Space and the City by Miles M. is chapterized as follows:IntroductionTHE CITYSPACE REPRESENTATION AND GENDERTHE MONUMENTTHE CONTRADICTIONS OF PUBLIC ARTArt IN URBAN DEVELOPMENTArt IN METROPOLITAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTART IN HEALTH SERVICESArt AS A SOCIAL PROCESSCONVIVIAL CITIESNotesFurther READINGSBibliographyIndexThe chapters of involvement are infinite representation and gender, art in the urban development and art as a societal procedure. I am sing graffito as a signifier of public art. It is chiefly an urban phenomenon which gained popularity in the 1980’s. GANZ, N. & A ; MANCO, T. ( 2004 ) have studied what graffito is, where it came from, how is it situated on the Earth in today’s universe. They have explored how letters used to rule graffitos but over the past decennary, graffito authors have expanded the graffiti civilization to a wider range of look. The station graffiti motion is characterized by more advanced attacks to organize and technique that travel beyond traditional perceptual experiences of classical graffito, In their book Graffiti universe: street art from five continents,they have provided illustrations of graffito around the universe. They divide the locations into the Americas, Europe and the remainder of the universe. The contents of the book is as followsForewordWorldwide history of graffitoThe here and nowThe AmericasEuropeThe remainder of the universeInformationCrew namesGlossaryWeb sitesChoice magazinesSelect bibliographyRecognitionsGANZ, N. & A ; MANCO, T. ( 2004, chapter 3 ) put graffito in a present context. They point out the development of graffito from being entirely spray can-based to encompassing a wider scope of mediums. They have besides talked about the outgrowth of cyberspace and its interesting function in the development of graffito. These modern-day issues of graffito are the chief ground I have chosen to read this book. I shortlisted this book besides for the ground that it tries to carry through a comprehensive certification of graffito and its varying characters across the universe. Apart from that, I will besides be confer withing the chapters of world-wide history of graffito and the locational chapters showcasing graffito in the Americas, Europe and the remainder of the universe. Graffiti has of late taken a measure further in its development. Graffiti today has embraced the attack of installing art, art which adds a 3rddimension to it. As opposed to the 2 dimensional old school graffito, this new geographic expedition in the 3rddimension is taking the art signifier to unobserved and antecedently impossible highs. .Installation art has emerged as portion of graffito and as a separate entity in itself. Bishop ( 2005 ) provides both a history and a full critical scrutiny of this ambitious country of modern-day art, from 1960 to the present twenty-four hours. Using instance surveies of important creative persons and single plants, Bishop ( 2005 ) argues that, as installing art requires its audience to physically come in the graphics in order to see it, installing pieces can be categorised by the type of experience they provide for the screening topic. Equally good as researching the methodological analysiss of the creative persons examined, she besides explains the critical theory that informed their work. Documentary moviesi‚ · RASH ( 2005 ) , a characteristic length docudrama by Mutiny Media researching the cultural value of Australian street art and graffitoi‚ · Roadsworth: Traversing the Line ( 2007 ) , a documental movie about the legal battle of Montreal street creative person Roadsworthi‚ · Bomb It ( 2008 ) , a documental movie about graffito and street art around the universei‚ · Exit Through the Gift Shop ( 2010 ) , a docudrama created by the creative person Banksy about Thierry Guettai‚ · Street Art Awards ( 2010 ) , opening of the street art festival in Berlini‚ · Las Calles Hablan ( 2013 ) , Las Calles Hablan, a characteristic length docudrama about street art in Barcelonai‚ · Style Wars ( 1983 ) , a PBS docudrama about graffiti creative persons in New York City having Seen, Kase2, Dez and DondiMention Bishop, C, 2005.Installation Art. Edition. 1sterectile dysfunction. Routledge. Finkelpearl, T, & A ; Acconci, V, 2001.Dialogues in Public Art. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Massachusetts: First MIT Ganz, N. , & A ; Manco, T, 2004.Graffiti universe: street art from five continents. New York, H.N. Abrams. Knight, C.K. , 2011.Public Art: Theory, Practice and Populism. 2nd erectile dysfunction. MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing Miles, M, 2005.Art, Space and the City. 3rd erectile dysfunction. London: Routledge.

Qualification Pre‐Master Course (Business Studies) Assignment title Essay

1.0 Executive Summary PNG Co.Ltd was specialized in supplying Electric Resistance Welded pipes(ERW Pipes), Longitudinally Submerged Arc Welded pipes (LSAW Pipes) and drilling bits mostly from Asia market to oil and gas industries in Myanmar. PNG feared well and generated profits in last two years. Reaching the third year from it started, PNG’s business life cycle is in the declined stage because there was much weakness in all departments. So PNG needs to reform the company to improve the reputation. PNG has to fix this problem by proper vision, mission and objectives. By seeking and grasping business opportunities, PNG will create markets through our synergistic partnership, reputation and reliability. ‘Cordiality, loyalty and sincerity to partners and customers are the most important ingredients of our corporate life’ will become our corporate mantra. 2.0 Company Profile Company Name † Paing Nagar Trading Co.Ltd Looking for the New Next Golden Myanmar Group of Companies 2011 Medium†sized oil and gas equipments trading company Room†8A, Building 99A,Shwe Padaut Condo, Sanchaung Mr.PhyoKyaw Thu Chief Executive Officer,MBA (UK) Director of Golden Myanmar Groups of Companies. Ms.KayZin Han Manager (Sales and Marketing), MBA (UK) Ms.MyatTheingarHtut Manager (Human Resource), MBA (UK) 65 Company Logo & Slogan † Mother of company Established Business Type Company Address Management Team Total Employees † † † † † † Analytical Report on Business Organisation by Group 5 (PMBA†03/2013); PhyoKyawThu,KayZinHan,MyatTheingarHtut Page 3 2.1 Background Paing Nagar Trading Co.Ltd (PNG) is a recognized distribution of high quality products which are widely used in the oil and gas sector of Myanmar since 2011. PNG provides pipes and drilling bits to oil and gas industries both private and government enterprises, especially exist on government tender projects. First of all, PNG Company was started by 3 officers and 10 staffs. Now it is being run with total number of 65 employees. Within a few months after establishment, for the sake of better improvement and better communication with oversea suppliers and manufacturers, PNG opened an oversea branch office in Singapore. PNG did pretty well and reached our target market sales in 2011 and 2012. But nowadays, there are many competitors who are interested in oil and gas field because of many opportunities. At that time, PNG Company’s reputation drops slowly because of internal weakness. 2.2 Vision †¢ †¢ To get innovative, proactive and progressive company culture To be the multi†national professional company by delivering quality products and services to meet our customers’ satisfaction in the future 2.3 Mission †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ To abide by the requirements detailed in the strategic business plan To deliver our services in time To work in a corporate manner with our clients, employees and shareholders and to align clients and company expectations To penetrate global market from local market Analytical Report on Business Organisation by Group 5 (PMBA†03/2013); PhyoKyawThu,KayZinHan,MyatTheingarHtut Page 4 2.4 Objectives †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ To expand our products range at least 20 categories in 2014 To increase at least 30% of market share in O&G equipment sector in 2015 To deliver quality products with fair prices To serve our clients with sincerity and cordiality to achieve strong customer relationship To create a teamwork with employees to get better working environment Analytical Report on Business Organisation by Group 5 (PMBA†03/2013); PhyoKyawThu,KayZinHan,MyatTheingarHtut Page 5 3.0 Situational Analysis PNG has to analyze the current situation of the company to evaluate weak points and to solve the problem effectively by using situational analysis (SWOT and PEST analysis). Strengths † deals with the suppliers that have good reputation mostly from Asia † strong financial resources Weaknesses † faces the high turnover rate of employee, so PNG cannot manage the operational process in time †chooses the quality assurance that can be †previous organization used a centralization acceptable by our customers †has oversea branch office in Singapore to communicate with foreign suppliers more effectively approach alone †managers could not establish a good relationship with staffs †have not adequate skilled workers †the structure of organization was not systematically demonstrated Opportunities †now our country allows many Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), so the market demands in oil and gas field become increase sharply †can deal with many suppliers rather than Asia now Threats †for the time being, our country’s policies have not been stable yet †needs to compete with many competitors because of the development of oil and gas industries so many investors are engrossed to invest 3.2 PEST Analysis When PNG researches about the external environment by PEST analysis, the following impacts effect on PNG Company. Analytical Report on Business Organisation by Group 5 (PMBA†03/2013); PhyoKyawThu,KayZinHan,MyatTheingarHtut Page 6 Political†Legal Now our country steps towards the democracy, economic sanctions are released, so become interested by many foreign investors. But, for the time being, the government is in the transitional state, policies and foreign trade regulations have not been stable yet. Besides, Tax policies are going to release compare to the past. Economic Our country’s economic state becomes improve and growth. But PNG should think about the inflation rates and exchange rates which are closely related with price of inputs. Socio†cultural According to our country’s culture, PNG might to concentrate the attitude to work and leisure of our employees and try to fulfill their desires as much as it can. Simultaneously, PNG should consider the education level based on not only the graduation subject but also additional qualifications such as computing, languages, etc. Technological Techniques associated with oil and gas industry are changing a lot so PNG needs to catch up the technologies continuously. Therefore, PNG ought to update IT technologies to communicate with customers and suppliers smoothly. 4.0 Analysis on Organization Management Previously the old PNG’s management team had not clear organization structure, the practices of commanding, allocating responsibilities and delegation were not managed well suited. Every successful company must have definite organization structure which shows the set of formal tasks and formal reporting relationships. So PNG Company constructs the organization structure well and shown by organization chart, visual representation of an organization’s structure. Analytical Report on Business Organisation by Group 5 (PMBA†03/2013); PhyoKyawThu,KayZinHan,MyatTheingarHtut Figure 1: O Organization n Chart Organization structure m O means the f framework in which th organization defines how he tasks are e divided, re esources are e deployed a and departm ments are co oordinated. Our organization has six m major depart tments. PNG delineates the chart with relative few hier G s ely rarchal level By ls. seeing th he chart, work specializa ation and cha ain of comm mand can be clearly seen n. 4.1 Wo ork speciali ization In order to perform the work more effici m iently, comp pany divides the tasks individually and s y describe clearly wh hich tasks w be resp will ponsible by whom. By doing this employee can s, e emphasiz ze his own d duty. But PNG considers that work specialization n can make employee boring jobs and feel isolatin ng from othe ers. So comp pany plans e employee to o rotate amo ong the separate jobs ever ry three mon nths to enco ounter the g greater challe enges and p perform vario ous jobs by team work. Analytical Re eport on Business Organisation by G Group 5 (PMBA†03 3/2013); PhyoKyaw wThu,KayZinHan,M MyatTheingarHtut t 4.2 Chain of command Every organization must have distinct authority and responsibility for different kinds of tasks. Thus, every employee can know to whom they report and management levels of the whole organization.Chain of command is important for this reason. Each employee should have his own authority and responsibility and how much he can make effort for the job. According to management level, delegation is the useful process for the managers. Good managers should delegate authority to the possible lower levels and give the chances to the subordinates. 4.3 Span of management Span of management means the number of employee reporting to a Supervisor. Our company’s span of management is based on seven subordinates per manager. Controlling level is closely involving with subordinates; it can get better team work form. 4.4 Centralization VS Decentralization To get the correct hierarchical level at which to make decisions,

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Whether or not legislation should legalize marijuana for personal use Essay - 1

Whether or not legislation should legalize marijuana for personal use in Arizona - Essay Example Demands of making marijuana legal and authorized are against the health majors and ways to safeguard the physical wellness. By making the marijuana legal, the price will get declined terribly resulting in greater use of the drug. Altered state, the RAND Corporation has made a report that determined the possible outcomes in case of making the marijuana legal (RAND, 2012). According to the report, the cost of marijuana will crash rapidly that will ultimately force the addictives to consume it in greater quantity. It is the illicit nature of the drugs that has kept the prices of drugs to a higher slot. The use of drug is highly dependable on the availability of money, for the young children it is a good factor to make them away from the drug by remaining it non-affordable. The consumption of the items that have been declared as illegal such as tobacco and alcohol has left behind the marijuana use (Lowinson 1393). Thus, giving a clear signal that making things legal can enhance the availability and it gets acceptable by the majority. It can be clearly evident in the case of highly restricted prescription drugs like oxycontin, the drug became far more easily reachable then before resulting in inappropriate use. Although, the high restrictiveness was there to prevent all such acts. The revenue generated by the tax could be counterbalance by the social costs these legalize products put on the society. The social cost of alcohol and tobacco is much greater than the tax and other revenue it produce. In 2007, the tax collected by the federal excise was determined to be as $9 billion; however, only $5.5 billion was collected. On the other hand, $185 billion was the total social cost resulted from the alcohol and tobacco regarding health problems, criminal cases, lack of potency at workspace and other issues (The White House, 2013). The collected tax

The Strategic Importance of Human Resources Management in an Research Paper

The Strategic Importance of Human Resources Management in an Organization - Research Paper Example A growing organization should focus more on updating their human resource management policies and strategies time to time in order to sustain the growth of the organization. This paper analyses the strategic importance of human resource management for a growing organization. The Strategic Importance of Human Resources Management in an Organization Even though machines, money and materials are some of the essential resources needed for establishing or sustaining the growth of business, human resources seem to be one place above all. All the organizational resources can be mobilized only with the help of the human element. ‘Human resources’ is the brain of an organization whereas other resources are only the parts of the organization. In other words, human resources control all the other elements in an organization in a particular way to ensure the success of the organization. In short, the success of an organization remains on how well the organization is able to manage i ts human resources. Human resource management (HRM) is gaining more prominence at present because of the entry of globalization and the development of cross cultural business. Earlier, HRM focused mainly on the internal or domestic matters; however, the increasing interdependence of global economy and trade activities forced HRM to look beyond the boundaries to ensure the safe functioning of the organization. ... General HRM functions and its importance to an organization Right people at the right place at the right time are always beneficial to an organization. It is not necessary that a manager who excelled in a particular position in the past may continue to do so in future also because of the changing business climate. It is the duty of the HRM to make changes at various levels of the organization time to time in order to ensure that the right people are always at the right place. Recruitment is the method adopted by HRM for identifying and appointing talents at various vacancies arising in the organization time to time. All the organizations may have a well defined Human Resource (HR) policy in the selection of the employees. The criteria for selection of employees could be different for different organizations. In other words, the experience and qualifications prescribed for a particular post in different organizations could be different. The trends in recruitment methods are changing b ecause of the changing needs of the organizations. For example, the recruiters assessed only the clerical skills while recruiting clerks earlier; however, at present they are assessing the communication and management abilities also along with the clerical skills. In other words, the demand for all-rounders is more at present than specialists. Ricky Franklin (2008) has pointed that criminal records checks, employment verification, drug screening, education verification, reference checks, verification of professional licenses and/or certifications, motor vehicle records checks, credit history, and integrity evaluations as the major selection tools adopted by big companies. He has also mentioned about a new selection tool called behavioral

Elijah Muhammad Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Elijah Muhammad - Research Paper Example This research is going to evaluate Elijah Muhammad’s achievements in his life. The research paper also examines Muhammad’s life history and his relationship with other African-American muslim leaders like Wallace Fard Muhammad. According to Ogbar & Jeffrey (79), Elijah Muhammad was born in 1897 and at that time had a different name; Elijah Poole. According to different authors, Muhammad led African-American Muslims for 40 years. Life was not easy for Muhammad at his young age since he came from a family of 13 children. Living conditions at the time were unbearable; he had to undergo the normal routine of helping the family raise the money for basic needs. This forced him to drop out of school early between the fourth and eighth grade of elementary school. The authors explain that most of the Southerners in Georgia had to drop out of school at a young age to take up responsibilities of assisting their parents in small jobs to raise money to help their families. The livin g conditions of African-American Southerners in Georgia at the time of Muhammad’s young age were harsh. White individuals were promoting the anti-black slogan where African-Americans people were treated badly and beaten to death. Muhammad saw the white population’s brutality and decided to leave for Detroit. Two African-American people were lynched to death, which this was the turning point for Muhammad after which he decided to leave the place (Ogbar & Jeffrey 79). Muhammad moved to Detroit where he met one of the founders of the African-American Muslims fellowship, Wallace Fard Muhammad. He then changed his name from his original name, Elijah Poole, and was also taught about Islam by Wallace. According to Muhammad (1), Elijah Muhammad’s teachings by the founder of the African-American Muslims made him expand the fellowship to other places within the United States. The encounter with the African-American Muslim’s founder and the time the teachings took p lace between them is estimated to be three and half years. From that point, Elijah Muhammad took over the leadership of the African-American Muslims, which is seen to have been promoted by the disappearance of Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1934. The relationship between the two leaders of African-American Muslims, Wallace and Elijah Muhammad, started because of the suffering the African-American were experiencing from white people. According to Muhammad (1), Wallace Fard Muhammad started the movement and recruited a large number of African-Americans among them Elijah Muhammad. The teachings of Wallace are seen to have brought the African-Americans together into the formation of the African-American Muslim group. Most of the African-American were living in harsh conditions under the expense of the white people. Wallace taught African-Americans that Christianity promoted by the whites had made them suffer and to be enslaved by the whites. Ogbar & Jeffrey (79) point out that Wallace talked to the African-American people saying that white people were not original, that they were genetically modified evils and there was a need to separate African-American individuals from the white evils. After the disappearance of Wallace, Elijah Muhammad took over, taught the African-Americans and made changes, mostly economic, which would help them move away from the suffering of the white peop

Turkey from 1800-1900 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Turkey from 1800-1900 - Research Paper Example In 1800 the Empire had a population of about 20 million. The capital of this empire was the present day capital of Turkey, Istanbul and it was renowned throughout the nineteenth century for its wealth and sophistication, and also for the cosmopolitan mix of different nationalities, cultures and religions that gathered there. The dominant religion was Islam, and this rested on a long tradition of Islamic rulers called Caliphs and Sultans, supported by generally Islamic state laws. There were other religions that flourished in this empire too: â€Å"about three fourths Muslim and the rest divided between Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, Armenian and Coptic Christians as well as a prosperous Jewish community." The nineteenth century was a period of reform and renewal in the Ottoman Empire. Historians have recorded the achievements of a number of Islamic leaders who worked towards the twin goal of modernizing the government and institutions of the Empire and maintaining a moderate Islamic society. The rulers took on a personal responsibility for the welfare of their subjects, in accordance with Islamic tradition and this meant that many benefits such as transport, education, health and all kinds of government services were provided by the ruling Sultans. iii This moral obligation was a very important aspect in Turkey at the time, because without it, the people would have suffered under a despotic rule, with few rights, and at risk of exploitation. Thanks to Islamic values, which stipulate that patriarchs are responsible for others less powerful than themselves, there was a desire to do good works and take care of peoples’ needs. A notable feature of the society in Turkey during the e very early part of the nineteenth century is that the Muslim community had many privileges in comparison with the other religious groups. The political reforms of the nineteenth century, called Tanzimat, aimed to reduce these differences by creating a more neutral legal and social framework, which was applicable to all religions equally. This resulted in a separation between Islam and the state, and it has helped to produce the modern Turkey that we see today – broadly Islamic, but at the same time able to operate on a secular system that is quite close to European norms. It could be said that the late Ottoman Empire period in Turkey was an â€Å"attempt to integrate the Western system with moral content appropriate to the Islamic and Ottoman context.†iv There were a number of rebellions and especially attempts by fundamentalist Muslims to retain a more conservative and religious style of state administration, but these were squashed. Reflection Turkey, and the connect ed countries that formed the Ottoman Empire, is a very interesting region of the world because it sits at the margin between East and West, and at the meeting point between three of the great world religions, Islam, Judaism and Christianity. Given that location, its history is bound to be greatly influenced by religious ideas. In studying this topic I have become aware of the long and glorious history that Islam has had, and the way that people in Turkey tried to construct a broadly Islamic society, but one which tolerated other religions and tried to make space for a neutral state system, rather than an overtly Islamic one. For this reason I think that the moderate form of Islam that became the norm in Turkey was very, very important not only for the way that modern Turkey was created, but also for the whole Eastern European region. When one looks at the harsh regimes that exist in Saudi Arabia, or in an even more extreme form in Afghanistan, for example,

Trust computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trust computing - Essay Example One of the benefit of machine authentication is that it enables information within the active directory to issue optionally configured and template based certificate automatically to all servers and machines residing within a multiple or single domains in a multiple or single forest configuration ( sun et al, 2012). Other benefits of machine authentication entails preventing rogue machines from accessing organizational resources and networks, allowing mutual server and machine authentication between the various machines, being scalable and cost effective for organizations of all sizes and identifying the servers and machines having access to various networks. Machine authentication enables users to possess a log on script (Anwander et al, 2013). The experience is often transparent as the log in process is performed in the normal way. It also ensures automatic issuance and enrollment of certificates. Computer or machine authentication takes place before windows can display the CTRL + ALT + DEL screen. It does not occur when members of organization utilize their domain credentials on their own computers or other window devices. Implementation of machine authentication will enable organizations to have control over access to resources. Anwander, M., Braun, T., Hurni, P., Staub, T., & Wagenknecht, G. 2013. User and Machine Authentication and Authorization Infrastructure for Distributed Wireless Sensor Network Testbeds. JSAN, 2(1), 109-121.

Government Functions Essay Example for Free

Government Functions Essay In the economic system of any country, the government is the authority governing the day to day transactions and dealings between individuals whether private or public. Other functions are enforcement of rules and regulations, overseeing the making and execution of contracts and setting of standards to be followed. To do this, resources are required hence collection of taxes. The functions aside, the government itself owns firms within the economy hence a player. The role played by the state/government has been under close support and criticism simultaneously. In some countries, the government’s role is welcome whilst in others it detested. The main object of government in both scenarios though is the allocation of scarce resources and creating an environment suitable for such resources to be exploited. This is achieved through ensuring that law and order is maintained. External costs incurred by businesses that are not factored in the business transactions are also taken into account by the government. This is in order to protect them from exploitation which may otherwise lead to bankruptcy and collapse. The government’s role shouldn’t be solely that of creation of a good environment for business via maintenance of law and order. Rather, it should go beyond this by being a key player in the economy. Law and order though facilitates stability as well as reduces corruption hence encouraging investment. Using the opportunity cost principle, the uses to which scarce resources can be put are many and the real costs are those which are forgone. These are incurred in cases where corruption is existent. Examples of such costs according to Sowell include delay in performance of certain economic activities given an unviable corrupt economic environment this results to non-development of basic infrastructure that would have been used to carry out the economic activity. In turn, planned investments do not occur hence existing output levels are not increased due to lack of expansion. The final results are normally unemployment accompanied by brain drain as the environment is similarly not viable to work in. Simply put, higher corruption levels are accompanied by low economic growths and low per capita incomes. Other effects of corruption are discrimination in the employment sector and profiling of workers. Contributing to slow economic growth are also long bureaucratic processes. All these contribute to driving away investors. Corruption doesn’t necessarily come in the form of direct bribes. It may also be in the form of nepotism and tribalism which is currently prevalent in most countries. The law being a set of rules and principles that are used in the day to day running of a country ought to have the following characteristics;- reliability; uniformity in application i. e. they must portray a sense of fairness and equality; rigidity i. e. they should not change from time to time. Rigidity brings about stability. Countries with laws that have these characteristics are prone to boost investor confidence as well as encouraging skilled labor to immigrate into the country in search of job opportunities. Such skilled labor may not have been available locally. This set of rules and principles should be impartial but discriminatory at the same time. The discriminatory aspect of some laws has at times proven to boost economic growth. However the statement holds only when the discriminating facet is known by the parties involved well in advance. If the discriminating nature of the law is known, the economic environment will be more stable as compared to where the justice system is discriminatory in interpretation and application of the law. The law may be discriminatory on the basis of aspects such as religion and race. However, if the economy grows, the growth will be felt across the board and not just by those for whom the law discriminates. Even though some laws have discriminatory aspects, they should not in any way allow for the exploitation of one by another nor allow for the interference of one’s activities by another with malicious intentions. A country’s economy is majorly dependent on the existence of a government. Nonetheless, this dependability also takes into consideration the government’s effectiveness in law enforcement. Geographically, some regions within the same country will have laws being more enforced than others. However, extra costs incurred by businesses in ensuring that goods and services reach the consumers are always transferred to the same consumers. This reduces demand due to high prices. Property Rights On property rights, focus should be placed not just on the owners of such but more so on the general effect the existence and exercise of such rights has on the economy. The exercise of property rights may result to economic effects which impact negatively on the populace as there maybe no single individual to blame. As a result, property rights should be closely monitored but even more emphasis ought to be placed on automatic self-monitoring by individuals as a solution. The mere fact that the property rights do exist creates a sense of self-monitoring on the individual which is more effective and less costly as compared to government monitoring. This self-productivity results to increased productivity and lower commodity prices as there is less wastage. However, negligence may also result on the part of the property owners and class stratification. However, given that property rights do have a greater economic efficiency, the general population will have higher living standards when the economic growth that results trickles down. However, restrictions such as setting of minimum standards and creation of Boards to oversee the use of certain property should be put in place. These will help prevent exploitation. Stringent laws need also be put into place by governments and respective authorities. In creation and application of restrictions to property rights, one has to have in mind that property rights do have intentions and effects. Economic incentives by the government do play a big role and such rights need to be looked at from the economic angle i. e. the incentives that are brought about by them. One should also ask what the effects of changing them or completely doing without them are. Social order is a function of existence of laws, government institutions to ensure the maintenance of law and order and acknowledgement of such by the citizens. The degree of social order differs from one country to another as well as from one individual to another. It is the existence or inexistence of a social order and its level that determines how business dealings are conducted between individuals. Social order should be upheld in all aspects of government. This may in turn extend to the rest of the community hence doing away with corruption thus bringing down transaction costs. If the social order is inexistent or at a low level, enterprises tend to be small scale. This translates to lower production and by the economies of scale, the end user experiences higher prices. A good social order thus attracts investment. The government can boost this by encouraging honesty within its administration, indirectly supporting or detesting cultures that are pro-honesty. The same can also be achieved via school curricula. Another factor that can either undermine or develop the social order are the nature of a country’s law. However, the market has a way of creating its own social order. External costs and benefits do exist in business and they occur outside the parties that are part to an actual transaction. These are however not accounted for in the market place and it is for this reason that the government has to come in to make decisions regarding external costs and benefits via legislation and regulations. Some benefits are indivisible. They are either a whole or nothing at all. To decide any aspect about them is thus better left to government. External costs on their part are felt either directly or indirectly by individuals. The individuals thus decide basing on how the external costs impact them and their activities. In countries with popularly elected governments, most of the decisions made by are not put into much economic consideration. Focus is actually mainly placed on making the people happy and not necessarily on economic improvement. Most of such decisions are political and not economically beneficial to the country. CHAPTER 18: GOVERNMENT FINANCE Like any other enterprise whether profit making or non-profit making, resources are needed to enable a business e a continuing venture. On the part of the government, its spending aspect if a factor of revenue collection. Revenue is raised via tax collection. How this tax is collected greatly affects how much will in effect be collected as it impacts on the citizen’s view on taxation policies. Any change in taxation policy by the government will automatically result in behavioral change by the tax payer in terms of expenditure and savings. This change is however in no scale predictable and may go at length to affect the performance of the economy at large. No rule can be said to be applied by government to predict this change. The net tax paid by an individual is a factor of the number of taxes that are applicable on a said person and their position economically. Value Added Tax (VAT) takes a bigger share from the poor than it does from the rich as spending on consumer goods makes up a greater percentage of the poor person’s budget whilst saving or re-investment makes up a greater percentage of the rich’s budget. However, tax paid by individuals is a mixture of both regressive and progressive taxes. However, the official legal indicator of incidence of tax does not necessarily show who bears the incidence of tax. Before a government makes decisions on whether or not to increase a particular tax, factors to be considered are how the tax is collected. This determines whether the tax is being felt by the individual or not. Increasing or decreasing the tax may thus not necessarily result to behavioral change by the consumer. One way through which government raises income is through sale of bonds. It is this level of sale of government bonds that determines the national debt. The impact the national debt will have on the economy is a dependent on what percentage it is of the country’s GDP. However, both GDP and national debt increase over time as a result of increased population size. The vice versa is also true. Sale of bonds is considered a future investment by the government and who bears the cost of the national debt is worth considering i. e. whether it is the government or the tax payer. To the government, accrued interest over time is one cost. This interest may affect investor confidence both in the short and long term. As bonds are sold and re-sold over time, their interest rate has to be increased lest they lose their value. This however lowers investor confidence in the long run. The rise in government interest rates may bring about a ripple effect increase on other interest rates as investors look for money with which to purchase the bonds. Influence of government may however make product prices independent of their costs despite the above ripple effect they may have at the same time. In an economy, there always are unmet needs which the government must satisfy. However resource distribution by government takes into account not the maximization of their use but rather merely re-distribution. It is this that explains why government may undertake projects that are not economically profitable or necessary as well as why some public utilities are offered at prices which are way below their actual market value or at no value at all. Spending by the government is mainly a factor of whether or not there is the need to spend whilst the principles behind such spending are outlined by the law. Through its expenditure, the government is able to influence the economy’s net purchasing power. Increased government spending implies more money will be in the economy thus leaving more at the hands of households for spending on other commodities other than those for which the government has already paid for. Costs as a result of government spending can either be to the government or the economy. It should be clear who is bearing the cost and the nature of the cost. As utility varies from individual to individual, the desire to purchase due to price disparity can thus be controlled via price controls or subsidies. The latter have however proven more fruitful than the former since subsidies transfer the total cost of an item to the entire population rather than letting a single individual to incur it. Here the cost is thus on the economy, not the government. From this, one can deduce that government finance comes in to bring a solution to the price-utility problem by creating an even bigger problem or rather shifting the cost from the government to the economy. The pattern of government expenditure is majorly a political function. Projects that prove politically building are more likely to be undertaken. Any government has got its obligations and current and future expenditure make up the government’s obligations regarding expenditure. Future obligations may seem not that costly until it reaches a point where they must be incurred. Their costs are accounted for but not incurred until the need arises. Incentives can be either political or economical. Incentives such as government pensions are majorly dependent on the size of the working and the retired population. A good balance enables pension payment. On the private side however, payment of insurance benefits is dependent on the currently existing subscribers to the insurance. CHAPTER 20: INTERNATIONAL TRADE Some have argued that in international trade, while one country gains, another loses. But both parties should be gaining in a way otherwise there wouldn’t be a reason to trade. A country may gain via for example economic growth. This has been the general effect of international trade. However, terms used in international trade such as trade deficit and surplus do not necessarily reflect a country’s economic wellness. To determine this, one has to look past the figures involved in international trade. A country may have quite a number of reasons why it should or should not engage itself in international trade. Reasons for however outweigh those against. Those for include absolute advantage, comparative advantage and economies of scale. In terms of absolute advantage, one country can produce particular commodities at prices cheaper than those of another or products of a higher quality. This may encourage it to pursue international trade. As for comparative advantage, the opportunity cost of one country A to produce a certain commodity at the expense of another is much lower than that of country B. Comparative advantage is thus all about efficiency of one country as compared to another. The costs forgone in producing a product should be lower and income generated from the production line opted for ought to be higher hence making them economically viable. The returns should also be in surplus enough for the country to purchase the commodity it forgo to produce. In terms of economies of scale, some ventures are viable only if there is enough market to consume the output. Such markets can be created through exports of commodities hence maximizing advantages brought about due to economies of scale or large scale production. Apart from enabling countries to achieve economies of scale, international trade also facilitates countries to fully utilize their comparative and absolute advantages. However, economies of scale have also resulted in the downfall of some infant industries where protectionist policies are inexistent. In as much as many countries may engage in international trade, some succeed whilst others do not. Reasons for the downfall of others may be the restrictions that exist in International Trade. These include emphasis that has been placed on efficiency of the production process. Another effect of such restrictions are collapse of domestic industries where protectionism does not exist. However international trade itself brings about government interference with trade due to policies such as protectionism while it may result to creation of monopolistic markets and unfair competition finally. Arguments for International Trade restrictions Different arguments have been put forward for international trade to have restrictions. The high wage fallacy argues that commodities produced by highly paid workers cannot compete with those produced by low paid ones. This does not hold since the argument does not distinguish between wage rates and labor costs and between labor costs and total costs. Wage rates may therefore be higher yet the total costs are lower due to economies of scale hence higher profits. Restrictions may also exist so as to save jobs domestically. However, just as free trade results to growth in the economies of all countries engaged simultaneously so do trade restrictions result to reduced economic growth or even reversed economic growth. Restricting trade thus does not result in increased employment. Rather, there will be less spending in the economy. The infant industry argument posits that local developing industries ought to be given time to grow to a level at which they can compete with other industries. However, survival of an industry is not a factor of its growth in terms of production and sales. Political muscle plays a key role in determining the fate of an industry. The National defense argument tries to explain why countries opt to have suppliers of things that are essential for their own national survival lest the external supplier turn enemy. Examples of such commodities are ammunition. Last on the list of reasons for protectionism is the dumping argument which is however restricted given the uncertainties of determining production costs. Here economies of scale may come into play and a supplier selling his/her commodities at lower prices abroad may actually be mistaken for dumping. These restrictions to trade may come in the form of tariffs which are taxes on imports and aim to raise their prices. The restrictions may also be in the form of import quotas which bring about uneven competition beside achieving the same objective of raising import prices. CHAPTER 21: INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS OF WEALTH International wealth transfers may take the forms of either direct or indirect foreign investments or remittances from citizens whose domicile is abroad. Rich countries always tend to invest in fellow rich counties due to fear of not getting a return on their investment if done in a poor country. Political and economic stability, corruption levels, level of honesty amongst the country’s populace as well as movement of capital within a said country’s economy are factors affecting the decision of whether to or not to invest. International trade takes into account only goods exchanged between countries leaving behind service output. It is for this that International trade has to be at a balance despite the fact that measures used in international trade may not be true reflectors of the trade. An economy that has concentrated in service production rather than goods will tend to export more services and import more commodities. The decision of whether a trade deficit is harmful or not is best done by comparing the deficit with the performance of the whole economy. As a result, the Balance of Payment measure is a better reflector of international trade than the Balance of Payments. Economic transactions are not zero-sum activities where only the buyer and the seller gain, rather it is a wealth creator to both the parties directly involved and to the â€Å"spectators. † Immigration and emigration which are key factors in international trade result to knowledge transfer, new ideas and businesses being created, job creation amongst others. However, on the dark side of the same are diseases, brain drain, increase in crime, collapsing economies and terrorism. Imperialism which implies the domination and exploitation of one country by another is also a means of wealth transfer. However, international investments have been argued to be equal to imperial looting as the subject country loses more than it gains. This explains the class strata of first, second and third world countries. Ceteris paribus, imperialism is more of a moral than an economic argument. Foreign aid, which entails wealth transfer from richer to poorer countries or from one government to another, may or may not be used for intended purposes. The use of foreign aid in government investments has more often than not resulted to mismanagement due to corruption. Some foreign aid comes with strings attached in the form of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). Such aid has proven to deter rather than encourage development. World over, the inexistence of a body to oversee the giving of aid to poorer countries has resulted to exploitation of the recipient. Aid may be in the form of cash grants or goods and services to the recipient country. However, the under-utilization of most of the resources in the recipient country is what leads it to have a need for foreign aid. CHAPTER 23: MYTHS ABOUT MARKETS The name â€Å"market† in itself is a myth as a market is viewed as a thing rather than the people in the market themselves who are engaging in business activity. This has led to rigidity of the market. In a market, variation of prices from one seller to another is always notable. This, economists would say defy the laws of supply and demand but in actual sense they do not. Rather, supply and demand should be looked at from the point of view of different consumers. Each consumer will have a different of demand and supply curve intersections due to utility. Prices in the market ought to be ‘affordable’ and ‘reasonable’ is a notion that is not realistic. It implies that prices should be independent of the market forces of demand and supply as well as production cost but should instead favor the purchasing power of the consumer. The third myth about markets is that some firms may tend to sell their products at below normal prices so as to drive away competition. This myth has not been proven though hence is not that realistic. Fourth is the issue of branding. Despite its advantages of making suppliers and manufacturers to emphasize on quality, the products being sold are more or less the same. What will actually be different is the pricing products or services with brand names that are widely known will definitely cost or charge more. A business, no matter how small is linked to the economy as a whole. Te role different enterprises play in the economy is a factor of whether they are classified as profit and loss or as non-profit making enterprises. However, there exist differences between the two in that profit and loss organizations will always tend to emphasize on quality in order to maximize profits whilst in non-profit making organizations, the customers themselves will not be in a position to emphasize on quality since they are already paying far less than the true value of the commodity or service they are getting. It is the nature of the organization that finally determines what name will be given to the extra amounts remaining after costs as well as how it will be used. In some its called profit whilst in others it is revenue. The ‘Trickle down theory|; is more of a political than an economic theory. The theory posits that those opposed to equality in resource distribution tend to believe that resources should be bestowed on the rich so that it may in effect trickle down to the rest of the populace. The theory is a myth since economically one has to spend first so as to make an income. This spending comes in the form of say purchase of goods and services for sale as well as payments made for their delivery. The economic reality is thus exactly the opposite of the ‘Trickle Down effect. † CHAPTER 24: NON-ECONOMIC VALUES Economics is not a value in itself. Rather it compares values. The market on its part is a reflector of the people’s attitudes and actions as well as beliefs. The issue of the market with respect to moral and social values arises when the market is looked at from the angle of the impact it has on such issues. The society’s moral standards will determine how transactions are conducted in the market. Non-economic values in the market tend to introduce morality into business by defining words such as greed alongside maximization of profit for example and others. These non-economic values however put aside economic concepts like the laws of demand and supply that are used in price determination. These non-economic values are also one-sided since they tend to lean on the consumer’s side mostly whilst forgoing the seller’s side. However, greed cannot be termed to be a product of any particular economic system. Rather it is an intricate trait in all humans and which all have to cope with. The difference however comes with regard to how this greed manifests itself in the different economic systems and how it is controlled. The term greed is however neither adequate or fair in explaining the desire of the seller to make as much profit as possible out of the buyer nor the wish of the buyer to purchase the product with the highest quality at the lowest price. Greed is thus a two way concept which only looks at who is on the gaining end. Exploitation is another term that crops up whenever non-market values are mentioned. It can simply be said to be that which is beyond the acceptable as per the society’s moral standards. Exploitation is thus based on emotion and not the facts existing on the real world. The disparity between greed and exploitation comes in that whilst the former occurs in almost all types of economic systems, exploitation mostly occurs in monopolistic markets where no free competition exists and the buyer has no wide choice of commodities given the factor of the sole supplier. To regulate the above, the government may put in place regulations such as trade barriers, tariffs and quotas as well as value added tax or corporate taxes. Taxation by the government may however be considered as both greed and exploitation. Greed since even the poorest of persons in the economy pays taxes whether in the form of VAT or income tax and exploitation as the government enjoys a monopoly of taxing the people yet one may argue that the quality of services is not guaranteed. The market however takes into consideration many factors before pricing decisions are made. At times the employer for instance may be at the receiving end when the employee has a greater bargaining power or where the demand for services he/she can render is higher than what the market can supply. Here, both greed and exploitation come into play. In as much as governments try to control or maintain at a low the levels of exploitation and greed, the measures put in place might actually serve to make even worse the life of the consumers in cases where exploitation and greed did not exist before. The principle of fairness when looked at from the non-market values point of view carries with it two assumptions. First is that all individuals are playing by the same rules and secondly that all players have the same potential. However, these two may not hold as different individuals have different desires, priorities and thus derive different levels of utility from the same activity, commodity or service. Fairness doe not have a specific definition hence it is majorly those in power who are left to define what is and what is not fair. However, vested interests may underlie the making of such decision. Some groups may also be completely ignored in deciding what fairness is. Economics being majorly concerned with the distribution of resources and values tends to critic â€Å"unmet needs† of the society. Here, the decision of whether a government should carry out a project or not is a function of what has to be sacrificed in order to satisfy the unmet need. However, the existence or identification of an unmet need is not a justification of it to be met. CHAPTER 25: PARTING THOUGHTS The economic concepts and principles cannot all be listed given the imaginative nature of the human mind. However, in as much as new concepts and principles are being developed whilst older ones continue to be refined and refuted, the bottom line should be that they all ought to divorce from emotions which vary from human being to human being. Rather there ought to be basic concepts and principles that are followed by both new and old economic ideas. The above fallacies ought to carry precision in the use of words as well as clarity in order to ensure their true or intended ideology is achieved. A common feature of most economic fallacies is that they focus on the initial consequences of particular policies and not the long term effects of the same. Confusion thus results as focus is placed not on the benefits or effects of policies but rather on the objectives of such policies. The importance of economic principles supersedes their use in only economic factors. If keenly looked at, most things do have economic aspects in which economic principles ca be applied. Instead of focusing on the objectives of goals, of main concern should be the activities that will be pursued t achieve such goals, what the particular legislation or goal encourages and discourages, the regulations that will follow the attainment of the goal, the long term effects of activities aimed towards attaining the goal. Last but not least, we ought to look at similar goals that were attained in the past and the impact they had. In as much as economics carries many fallacies, a distinction should be made between what is practical and what is indeed a fallacy.

Advertising to children Essay Example for Free

Advertising to children Essay Over the last few decades advertising has altered the lives of many and in particular children. Children are susceptible to what they see and are more prone to act on a whim. This research paper will analyse advertising which is aimed at children and will test the following thesis statement Thesis – Advertising misleads children in purchasing goods which they do not need. When you think about this, it may not seem that true. You could argue that you dont know anyone whose fashion or style is influenced by Hollywoods stars. But, you know youve seen people wearing Sean John or JLo brand clothing. Celebrities also influence fashion much more generally. Most fashion trends were either started or influenced by the big stars, says Ramon. Another key component of child intended marketing is the music industry. Stephen Kiehl of the Baltimore Sun says, You could be forgiven for confusing the Number 1 song in the U. S. last week with a commercial. The journalist also mentions that some musical artists are even paid to advertise specific products in their songs. A recent example of this is Petey Pablos song Freak-a-Leak in which the lyrics include, Now I got to give a shout out to Seagrams gin. Cause Im drinkin it and they payin me for it. According to the San Francisco marketing company, Agenda Inc. , 59 brands have been mentioned 645 times in the songs that have made it into the top 20 this year. Another large reservoir of advertising aimed at children is oddly enough, school. Looking right which really means fitting in, is very important for young teenagers, says LaRue- Robinson, a middle school guidance counselor in Forestville, Md. With students caring about how their peers are dressed, moms are beginning to worry; Its gotten really bad now with Tiny Teddies and Cheezels give a balance diet to children (Houlihan, 2005). On the other hand, some advertisements using prize to deceive children to buy their products. The video (Buy me that, too! 1992) explained how the television advertising deceptive children. From the Cereal Giveaways advertising, children can get a complete set of baseball cards easily (Buy me that, too! 1992. But the presenter said 73 boxes to get a good chance only, this result in expenditure increasing for parents (Buy me that, too! 1992). Therefore, television advertising directed at children is not fair, people can not allow deceptive advertising continue to misleading children, it should be forbid. Some people argue that if government do not allowed manufacturers to promote their products on children television, this will lead to destroy of the childrens product industry. This point of view is biased. Word-of-mouth is influencing children buying power. Harry Potter novel now is popular around the world, but the success is not from television advertising, the books themselves became successful are because of word-of-mouth between children (Blades, Gunter Oates cited in Proctor Richards, 2002). Without television advertising, childrens product has been successful in society, Harry Potter gives manufacturers an example that how to achieve success without to promote on children television. Moreover, television advertising is not only method for manufacturers to promote their products. According to the Australia Film Commission report (AFC, 2005), it is estimated the total advertising expenditure with Commercial Economic Advisory Service of Australia (CEASA). Television advertising is not the most important channel for manufacturers in Australia, newspapers is the first choice for manufacturers to promote their products. Also, from the study, manufacturers like to choose radio, magazines and other channels to promote their products (AFC, 2005). Furthermore, 78% of children and adolescents who use the internet do so at home (National Center for Education Statistics, 2003). Internet has become an efficiency way for manufacturers to promote their goods. From the word-of-mouth advertising and study from AFC, people can find the answer easily that forbid the manufacturers to advertise on television will not destroy the childrens product industry. To escape advertising is nearly impossible; brand logos are everywhere. Even in outer space you cant escape it. In 1993 Schwarzeneggers underrated and misunderstood classic, (my opinion, Ill admit it! ) Last Action Hero had its logo painted on a satellite for a large fee, and will circle our planet for the next few thousand years. The soldiers fighting in Iraq, even as I write this, are carrying advertisements; the M-16A2 has a Colt logo stamped into its side, a reminder of who makes that quality weapon. Even in the remotest regions of our world artifacts with recognizable logos are found thanks to care packages. (The Gods Must be Crazy is a wonderful movie on this subject. ) Why do we tolerate such invasions to our lives? Largely because these sorts of advertisements slip under our radar, but also for identification purposes; if you came to my house and saw my entertainment centre, you might know what the DVD player, stereo and the television are, but if you are not familiar with gaming systems, you would have trouble distinguishing the X-Box from the Playstation 2 or the Gamecube. So that type of brand labelling does serve a purpose other than advertising in some cases. There are exceptions to the rule of slapping a logo on everything that we purchase, and a clear boundary that corporations will not cross; furniture. A simple scan of the room Im in shows that that my furniture has nothing denoting where it came from, although I do know that the mattress does have a manufacturers tag on it, my sheets cover it. Out of sight, out of mind. Advertising is becoming more and more a part of our society. The film Minority Report features a scene where advertising is everywhere, and customized to the person. This could be construed as an invasion of privacy, as every purchase of the individual is scrutinized and advertising is personally tailored to that person. This type of information gathering is already being tested in seemingly innocent places. Search for a book on amazon.com and you will get recommendations for other products that you may also be interested in based on your search. (Houlihan, 2005, pg76) Advertisers are also starting to work under our radar. On the Internet, advertisers used to use tracking cookies to find out the places you went, what you purchased online and other information. Soon the pop up ad appeared to annoy just about everyone who saw them. Pop ups were preceded by E-junk mail, dubbed Spam. The problem has moved on to what have been dubbed Spybots programs that integrate into your browser program and report back the web activity to its source. Gator is the most infamous of these. The answer to the thesis statement based on this research paper is yes. To sum up, it is clearly shows that public should outlaw all advertisements that target innocent children. As this is good for childrens health and controls the increasing childhood obesity, and also is of great benefit to the relationship between children and parents. Parents are no longer afraid that children are influenced by unhealthy content of advertisements. Nowadays, more and more countries, like many European Union countries, implement a ban on childrens advertising. Children are a countrys future, protecting their wellbeing and healthy life is the most important responsibility not only for their parents but also for the whole society. References Derived from esbco host – The university of Winnipeg http://libproxy. uwinnipeg. ca/login? URL=http://search. ebscohost. com/login. asp? profile=web CNN. com Health America Australia Film Commission, 2005, what Australians are watching, [Online], Available: http://www. afc. gov. au/gtp/wftvisadrevenue. html [November 24, 2008] Baker, F. 2004, TV-Toy Ad analysis Worksheet, [Online], Available:http://medialit. med. sc. edu/toyadanalysisworksheet. htm [November, 24, 2005]

Steps of the Decision-Making Process in the CJS

Steps of the Decision-Making Process in the CJS The first step in the decision-making process, which starts when the police are notified of or discover a crime, is investigation. Investigation falls under the Police subsystem of the criminal justice system (CJS). Identification of a suspect and gathering enough evidence to warrant an arrest are the fundamental functions of an investigation. If the police feel they have reason to initiate a search, the standard they must meet in order to do so is probable cause. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 12) (Appalachian State University, p. 1) The second step in the process is arrest. Not counting traffic, there are 11 million arrests per year. Murder, rape, assault and other severe crimes account for slightly less than 2 million of those arrests. Only approximately 20% of crimes police know of end in an arrest. Obviously, arrest, like investigation, lies under the Police subsystem of the CJS (Neubauer Fradella, p. 12) Following arrest a suspect is brought in for booking, the third step of the CJS. Booking creates an administrative record of the suspect and usually includes both photographing and fingerprinting. This is the final step of the CJS that falls under the Police subsystem. (Appalachian State University, p. 1) Charging follows booking and is the fourth step of the CJS. It is also the first stage that involves the court subsystem. If a prosecutor decides there is enough evidence of good quality to show the suspect is guilty of the crime they have been arrested for, the suspect may then be charged with a specific crime. (Appalachian State University, p. 1) Following charging is the initial appearance. Several things happen at an initial appearance. Defendants are notified of the charges they are facing, they are informed of their rights, and a date for their preliminary hearing is decided. About 75% of defendants are sentenced immediately as a result of guilty pleas at the initial appearance. The initial appearance falls under the court subsystem. Bail is set by the judge for defendants who do not plead guilty. This is the most significant part of a defendants initial appearance. It is also part of the courts subsystem. In theory, defendants who cannot pay are held in jail until their trial but in practice, jails are overcrowded to the point that only defendants charged with a serious crime are not released. This is step six in the criminal justice system. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 12) Step seven is the preliminary hearing, which is part of the courts subsystem of the CJS. At the preliminary hearing, the prosecutor must convince the judge there is enough evidence to prove that a crime was committed and that there is probable cause to believe the defendant committed the crime. This is intended as a check against baseless prosecutions but in reality, probable cause is a low enough standard that most defendants are held for further action. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 13) The grand jury provides citizens a buffer against groundless prosecutions. The grand jury is part of the court subsystem. All federal felony prosecutions require a grand jury but they are only used in roughly half of all states. If he succeeds in persuading a simple majority of the grand jurors that there is probable cause that there was a crime committed and probable cause that the defendant committed that crime, an indictment is returned. The grand jury is the eighth step of the CJS. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 13) If the grand jury finds that there is probable cause to proceed they return an accusation, in writing, charging the defendant with the crime. This written accusation is known as an indictment, it falls under the court subsystem of the CJS, and is the ninth step of the process. (Albany County District Attorneys Office, p. 1) The tenth step in the criminal justice system is the arraignment. This step is part of the court subsystem. As at the initial appearance, defendants are advised of their rights. This is usually more extensive at the arraignment. Defendants also receive a copy of the formal charges against them, before entering a plea. Not guilty is the most common plea at this stage. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 13) The trial is the eleventh step of the C1JS and is part of the courts subsystem. Guaranteed by the Constitution, the trial is the most essential right of the defendant. Trials may be either bench (the defendant is tried by a judge only) or jury. In the case of a jury trial, the sequence is: opening statements by the prosecution and the defense, the prosecution calls the first witness, closing arguments by the prosecution and the defense, the judge instructs the jury regarding the law, and the jury deliberates in secret. Over 90% of criminal trials end in convictions. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 14) Following a guilty verdict, the judge will decide on prison, probation or a fine. This is the sentencing phase and is the twelfth step in the CJS. Fines are very unusual in felony cases. The death penalty may be a possibility although it is limited to only some first-degree murder cases.1 (Neubauer Fradella, p. 14) The appeals stage is the thirteenth step of the decision-making process and is part of the courts subsystem. Most defendants who are found guilty at trial file an appeal with an appellate court. Most defendants who have pled guilty do not file appeals. Only 10% of defendants win their appeals. The most important attribute of an appellate court is that it can decide policy matters that affect the entire criminal justice system. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 14) Corrections, the fourteenth step, is the third subsystem of the CJS. Once defendants have been found guilty they are most frequently incarcerated. The most common sentence of past two centuries, incarceration deprives prisoners of their freedom and isolates them from society. The United States has the worlds largest share of its population in prison and these prisons are severely overcrowded. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 379) (Appalachian State University, p. 1) The last of the criminal justice systems decision-making steps, number 14, is release. There are several ways a convict may obtain release: serving the full sentence imposed by the courts, parole or pardon. The most cost effective sentence is parole, a form of punishment that allows a convicted criminal to live in the community provided they meet a variety of conditions while they do so. Convicted criminals may also be incarcerated. In general, jails are intended for terms of less than one year and prisons are meant for terms over one year. Most prisoners do not serve the full term of their sentences.

The Book of Acts Essay -- Religion, Bible

There has been much debate regarding who wrote the book of Acts. Professor Riggs of Auburn Theological Seminary said, â€Å"In recent years the tide of opinion has been turning, and is now strongly setting toward a first-century authorship† (Riggs, 38). The early view of the church states Luke is the author of Acts. External evidence agrees with tradition that Luke wrote the book of Acts. The early church fathers, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, and Eusebius, provide evidence that Luke is the author (Lea & Black, 282). The Muratorian Canon (A.D. 190) contains a list of books from the New Testament and lists the author of Acts and the Third Gospel as Luke. There is also internal evidence that points to Luke as the author. In both Luke and Acts, the author uses medical phraseology. In Acts 28:8, the father of Publius was sick with a fever and had a bloody flux. Other instances can be found in Acts 10:10 and 16:16 (Riggs, 41-42). Luke was a physician and that would explain why h e used medical terms when writing the book of Acts. Considering the external and internal evidence, Carson and Moo... The Book of Acts Essay -- Religion, Bible There has been much debate regarding who wrote the book of Acts. Professor Riggs of Auburn Theological Seminary said, â€Å"In recent years the tide of opinion has been turning, and is now strongly setting toward a first-century authorship† (Riggs, 38). The early view of the church states Luke is the author of Acts. External evidence agrees with tradition that Luke wrote the book of Acts. The early church fathers, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, and Eusebius, provide evidence that Luke is the author (Lea & Black, 282). The Muratorian Canon (A.D. 190) contains a list of books from the New Testament and lists the author of Acts and the Third Gospel as Luke. There is also internal evidence that points to Luke as the author. In both Luke and Acts, the author uses medical phraseology. In Acts 28:8, the father of Publius was sick with a fever and had a bloody flux. Other instances can be found in Acts 10:10 and 16:16 (Riggs, 41-42). Luke was a physician and that would explain why h e used medical terms when writing the book of Acts. Considering the external and internal evidence, Carson and Moo...

GMOs Essay -- Science DNA Papers

GMOs What is a GMO? A GMO, or genetically modified organism, is a virus, bacterium, or more complex life-form in which the DNA has been altered for a particular purpose. Some of these purposes include: research into the nature of genes and biological processes, manufacturing animal proteins, correcting genetic defects, and making improvements to animals and plants (Natural Environment Research Council). Making improvements to animals and plants is a major motivation to produce GMOs. With a world population on its way to 9 plus billion by the year 2050, a viable option for sustenance production is needed. With this ever-growing world population there is a need for somehow controlling the amount of people born. China is one country which has dealt with their overcrowding problem, but it seems that many of the other countries of the world are not doing much if anything to control their own populations. Because of this lack of action in controlling the world population, the need is shifted to how we will pr ovide for all those people. GMOs are a way in which we as a world population can better provide for ourselves so that everyone will have enough provisions to survive. How is a GMO created? GMOs have been created naturally for millions of years. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is one example of a natural genetic engineer because it is able to alter another organism’s DNA to benefit itself. This species of soil-dwelling bacteria infects plant cells with a piece of its own DNA, and when it is integrated with the plant’s chromosome, it uses the plant’s own cells to proliferate the population of the bacteria. The way in which the bacterium does this is through the use of its bacterial chromosome and a plasmid, which is ... ...info/articles/myths.html Murphy, Paul. (2004, May) Gene firm pioneers desert crops. Retrieved October, 23, 2004 from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/gmdebate/Story/0,2763,1221662,00.html Natural Environment Research Council (n.d.). GMOs and the Environment: Scientific certainties and uncertainties. Retrieved October 3, 2004 from: http://www.nerc.ac.uk/publications/gmo/ Read, Deborah. (2000, December) Use of Antibiotic Resistance Marker Genes in Genetically Modified Organisms. Retrieved October 24, 2004 from: http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/resources/Publications/pdfs/ER-GI-01-1.pdf Shelton, Anthony M. (2000, March) Bt Crops on Trial. Retrieved October 24, 2004 from: http://www.foodsafetynetwork.ca/gmo/pr-bt-crops-on-trial.htm UNFPA. (2004) Population Growth is Still an Issue. Retrieved November 25, 2004 from: http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2004/english/ch1/page7.htm#1 GMOs Essay -- Science DNA Papers GMOs What is a GMO? A GMO, or genetically modified organism, is a virus, bacterium, or more complex life-form in which the DNA has been altered for a particular purpose. Some of these purposes include: research into the nature of genes and biological processes, manufacturing animal proteins, correcting genetic defects, and making improvements to animals and plants (Natural Environment Research Council). Making improvements to animals and plants is a major motivation to produce GMOs. With a world population on its way to 9 plus billion by the year 2050, a viable option for sustenance production is needed. With this ever-growing world population there is a need for somehow controlling the amount of people born. China is one country which has dealt with their overcrowding problem, but it seems that many of the other countries of the world are not doing much if anything to control their own populations. Because of this lack of action in controlling the world population, the need is shifted to how we will pr ovide for all those people. GMOs are a way in which we as a world population can better provide for ourselves so that everyone will have enough provisions to survive. How is a GMO created? GMOs have been created naturally for millions of years. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is one example of a natural genetic engineer because it is able to alter another organism’s DNA to benefit itself. This species of soil-dwelling bacteria infects plant cells with a piece of its own DNA, and when it is integrated with the plant’s chromosome, it uses the plant’s own cells to proliferate the population of the bacteria. The way in which the bacterium does this is through the use of its bacterial chromosome and a plasmid, which is ... ...info/articles/myths.html Murphy, Paul. (2004, May) Gene firm pioneers desert crops. Retrieved October, 23, 2004 from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/gmdebate/Story/0,2763,1221662,00.html Natural Environment Research Council (n.d.). GMOs and the Environment: Scientific certainties and uncertainties. Retrieved October 3, 2004 from: http://www.nerc.ac.uk/publications/gmo/ Read, Deborah. (2000, December) Use of Antibiotic Resistance Marker Genes in Genetically Modified Organisms. Retrieved October 24, 2004 from: http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/resources/Publications/pdfs/ER-GI-01-1.pdf Shelton, Anthony M. (2000, March) Bt Crops on Trial. Retrieved October 24, 2004 from: http://www.foodsafetynetwork.ca/gmo/pr-bt-crops-on-trial.htm UNFPA. (2004) Population Growth is Still an Issue. Retrieved November 25, 2004 from: http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2004/english/ch1/page7.htm#1